Andrej Karpathy (born 23 October 1986) is a Slovak-Canadian AI researcher, who co-founded and formerly worked at OpenAI, where he specialized in deep learning and computer vision. He also worked as the director of artificial intelligence and Autopilot Vision at Tesla, and in 2024 he founded Eureka Labs, an AI education platform. In 2026 he joined Anthropic as part of the pretraining team. == Education and early life == Karpathy was born in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), and moved with his family to Toronto when he was 15. He completed his Computer Science and Physics bachelor's degrees at University of Toronto in 2009 and his master's degree at University of British Columbia in 2011, where he worked on physically simulated figures (for example, a simulated runner or a simulated person in a crowd) with his adviser Michiel van de Panne. In 2006, Karpathy began posting videos on YouTube on his channel, badmephisto. He garnered fame by posting Rubik's cube tutorials which have been used by famous speedcubers such as Feliks Zemdegs. The channel has over 9 million views as of June 2025. Karpathy received a PhD from Stanford University in 2015 under the supervision of Fei-Fei Li, focusing on the intersection of natural language processing and computer vision, and deep learning models suited for this task. == Career and research == He authored and was the primary instructor of the first deep learning course at Stanford, CS 231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition. The course became one of the largest classes at Stanford, growing from 150 students in 2015 to 750 in 2017. Karpathy is a founding member of the artificial intelligence research group OpenAI, where he was a research scientist from 2015 to 2017. In June 2017 he became Tesla's director of artificial intelligence and reported to Elon Musk. He was named one of MIT Technology Review's Innovators Under 35 for 2020. After taking a several-months-long sabbatical from Tesla, he announced he was leaving the company in July 2022. As of February 2023, he makes YouTube videos on how to create artificial neural networks. On February 9, 2023, Karpathy announced he was returning to OpenAI. A year later on February 13, 2024, an OpenAI spokesperson confirmed that Karpathy had left OpenAI. In the same year, he was named one of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People in AI. On July 16, 2024, Karpathy announced on his X account that he started a new AI education company called Eureka Labs. Their first product was the AI course, LLM101n. He also has a broader educational effort, the "Zero to Hero" series on LLM fundamentals. The company also advocates for AI teaching assistants, a concept which has been criticized due to data privacy concerns and the removal of personal connection between teacher and student. In February 2025, Karpathy coined the term vibe coding to describe how AI tools allow hobbyists to construct apps and websites just by typing prompts. On May 19, 2026, he announced that he joined Anthropic via a statement on X, while the company stated that he will be leading a team for research in pretraining.
XLeratorDB
XLeratorDB is a suite of database function libraries that enable Microsoft SQL Server to perform a wide range of additional (non-native) business intelligence and ad hoc analytics. The libraries, which are embedded and run centrally on the database, include more than 450 individual functions similar to those found in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. The individual functions are grouped and sold as six separate libraries based on usage: finance, statistics, math, engineering, unit conversions and strings. WestClinTech, the company that developed XLeratorDB, claims it is "the first commercial function package add-in for Microsoft SQL Server." == Company history == WestClinTech (LLC), founded by software industry veterans Charles Flock and Joe Stampf in 2008, is located in Irvington, New York, United States. Flock was a co-founder of The Frustum Group, developer of the OPICS enterprise banking and trading platform, which was acquired by London-based Misys, PLC in 1996. Stampf joined Frustum in 1994 and with Flock remained active with the company after acquisition, helping to develop successive generations of OPICS now employed by over 150 leading financial institutions worldwide. Following a full year of research, development and testing, WestClinTech introduced and recorded its first commercial sale of XLeratorDB in April 2009. In September 2009, XLeratorDB became available to all Federal agencies through NASA's Strategic Enterprise-Wide Procurement (SEWP-IV) program, a government-wide acquisition contract. == Technology == XLeratorDB uses Microsoft SQL CLR(Common Language Runtime) technology. SQL CLR allows managed code to be hosted by, and run in, the Microsoft SQL Server environment. SQL CLR relies on the creation, deployment and registration of .NET Framework assemblies that are physically stored in managed code dynamic-link libraries (DLL). The assemblies may contain .NET namespaces, classes, functions, and properties. Because managed code compiles to native code prior to execution, functions using SQL CLR can achieve significant performance increases versus the equivalent functions written in T-SQL in some scenarios. XLeratorDB requires Microsoft SQL Server 2005 or SQL Server 2005 Express editions, or later (compatibility mode 90 or higher). The product installs with PERMISSION_SET=SAFE. SAFE mode, the most restrictive permission set, is accessible by all users. Code executed by an assembly with SAFE permissions cannot access external system resources such as files, the network, the internet, environment variables, or the registry. == Functions == In computer science, a function is a portion of code within a larger program which performs a specific task and is relatively independent of the remaining code. As used in database and spreadsheet applications these functions generally represent mathematical formulas widely used across a variety of fields. While this code may be user-generated, it is also embedded as a pre-written sub-routine in applications. These functions are typically identified by common nomenclature which corresponds to their underlying operations: e.g. IRR identifies the function which calculates Internal Rate of Return on a series of periodic cash flows. === Function uses === As subroutines, functions can be integrated and used in a variety of ways, and as part of larger, more complicated applications. Within large enterprise applications they may, for example, play an important role in defining business rules or risk management parameters, while remaining virtually invisible to end users. Within database management systems and spreadsheets, however, these kinds of functions also represent discrete sets of tools; they can be accessed directly and utilized on a stand-alone basis, or in more complex, user-defined configurations. In this context, functions can be used for business intelligence and ad hoc analysis of data in fields such as finance, statistics, engineering, math, etc. === Function types === XLeratorDB uses three kinds of functions to perform analytic operations: scalar, aggregate, and a hybrid form which WestClinTech calls Range Queries. Scalar functions take a single value, perform an operation and return a single value. An example of this type of function is LOG, which returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base. Aggregate functions operate on a series of values but return a single, summarizing value. An example of this type of function is AVG, which returns the average of values in a specified group. In XLeratorDB there are some functions which have characteristics of aggregate functions (operating on multiple series of values) but cannot be processed in SQL CLR using single column inputs, such as AVG does. For example, irregular internal rate of return (XIRR), a financial function, operates on a collection of cash flow values from one column, but must also apply variable period lengths from another column and an initial iterative assumption from a third, in order to return a single, summarizing value. WestClinTech documentation notes that Range Queries specify the data to be included in the result set of the function independently of the WHERE clause associated with the T-SQL statement, by incorporating a SELECT statement into the function as a string argument; the function then traps that SELECT statement, executes it internally and processes the result. Some XLeratorDB functions that employ Range Queries are: NPV, XNPV, IRR, XIRR, MIRR, MULTINOMIAL, and SERIESSUM. Within the application these functions are identified by a "_q" naming convention: e.g. NPV_q, IRR_q, etc. == Analytic functions == === SQL Server functions === Microsoft SQL Server is the #3 selling database management system (DBMS), behind Oracle and IBM. (While versions of SQL Server have been on the market since 1987, XLeratorDB is compatible with only the 2005 edition and later.) Like all major DBMS, SQL Server performs a variety of data mining operations by returning or arraying data in different views (also known as drill-down). In addition, SQL Server uses Transact-SQL (T-SQL) to execute four major classes of pre-defined functions in native mode. Functions operating on the DBMS offer several advantages over client layer applications like Excel: they utilize the most up-to-date data available; they can process far larger quantities of data; and, the data is not subject to exporting and transcription errors. SQL Server 2008 includes a total of 58 functions that perform relatively basic aggregation (12), math (23) and string manipulation (23) operations useful for analytics; it includes no native functions that perform more complex operations directly related to finance, statistics or engineering. === Excel functions === Microsoft Excel, a component of Microsoft Office suite, is one of the most widely used spreadsheet applications on the market today. In addition to its inherent utility as a stand-alone desktop application, Excel overlaps and complements the functionality of DBMS in several ways: storing and arraying data in rows and columns; performing certain basic tasks such as pivot table and aggregating values; and facilitating sharing, importing and exporting of database data. Excel's chief limitation relative to a true database is capacity; Excel 2003 is limited to some 65k rows and 256 columns; Excel 2007 extends this capacity to roughly 1million rows and 16k columns. By comparison, SQL Server is able to manage over 500k terabytes of memory. Excel offers, however, an extensive library of specialized pre-written functions which are useful for performing ad hoc analysis on database data. Excel 2007 includes over 300 of these pre-defined functions, although customized functions can also be created by users, or imported from third party developers as add-ons. Excel functions are grouped by type: === Excel business intelligence functions === Operating on the client computing layer Excel plays an important role as a business intelligence tool because it: performs a wide array of complex analytic functions not native to most DBMS software offers far greater ad hoc reporting and analytic flexibility than most enterprise software provides a medium for sharing and collaborating because of its ubiquity throughout the enterprise Microsoft reinforces this positioning with Business Intelligence documentation that positions Excel in a clearly pivotal role. === XLeratorDB vs. Excel functions === While operating within the database environment, XLeratorDB functions utilize the same naming conventions and input formats, and in most cases, return the same calculation results as Excel functions. XLeratorDB, coupled with SQL Server's native capabilities, compares to Excel's function sets as follows:
PureWow
PureWow is an American digital media company that publishes women's lifestyle content. Acquired by Gary Vaynerchuk in 2017 as part of Gallery Media Group, PureWow tailors lifestyle topics for Millennials and Generation X, including fashion, beauty, home decor, recipes, entertainment, travel, technology, literature, wellness and money. == History == PureWow was founded by Ryan Harwood in September 2010, along with Bob Pittman's Pilot Group and the women of wowOwow Joni Evans, Mary Wells Lawrence, Whoopi Goldberg, Liz Smith, Candice Bergen, and Lesley Stahl, among others. In January 2013, PureWow hired former Real Simple editor Mary Kate McGrath as its first editor-in-chief. In August 2014, PureWow was listed as no. 352 on Inc. Magazine's 2014 list of the top 500 fastest-growing privately owned companies. In May 2015, PureWow raised $2.5 million. In 2017, serial entrepreneur Gary Vaynerchuk and Miami Dolphins' owner Stephen Ross' venture firm, RSE Ventures, acquired PureWow to form Gallery Media Group as a creative agency and media firm. PureWow's CEO, Ryan Harwood serves as the chief executive of Gallery Media Group. == Editions == PureWow publishes national content as well as local content for New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, San Francisco, Dallas, and the Hamptons. The company publishes content across fashion, beauty, homecare topics, technology, entertainment, books, wellness and finances. PureWow articles are distributed via its website PureWow.com, email, and over social media channels.
The Dodo (website)
The Dodo is an American online publisher focused on animals. The website was launched in January 2014 by Izzie Lerer, the daughter of media executive Kenneth Lerer, and journalist Kerry Lauerman. The Dodo has become one of the most popular Facebook publishers, garnering 1 billion video views from the social network in November 2015. The Dodo is headquartered in New York, New York. == History == The company—named after the first recorded species that humans drove to extinction—was founded by Lerer out of "a personal passion for the subject manner". Lerer has a PhD in animal studies with a focus on animal ethics and human relationships from Columbia University, launching the website after noticing the viral success of animal videos online but seeing no one "really owned the space." The Dodo's editorial and video production staff unionized with the Writers Guild of America, East in April 2018.
Outline of electronics
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to electronics: Electronics – branch of physics, engineering and technology dealing with electrical circuits that involve active semiconductor components and associated passive interconnection technologies. == Branches == === Classical electronics === Analog electronics Digital electronics Electronic instrumentation Electronic engineering Microelectronics Optoelectronics Power electronics Printed electronics Semiconductor technology Schematic capture Thermal management Automation Electronics === Advanced topics === Atomtronics Bioelectronics Failure modes of electronics Flexible electronics Low-power electronics Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Molecular electronics Nanoelectronics Organic electronics Photonics Piezotronics Quantum electronics Spintronics === History of electronics === History of electronic engineering History of radar History of radio History of television == General concepts == === Data converters === Analog-to-digital converters (ADC) Aliasing Successive approximation ADC Dual-slope ADC Quantization Sensor resolution Sampling Delta-sigma ADC Digital-to-analog converters (DAC) Digital potentiometer Binary weighted resistor converter Charge distribution DAC Pulse width modulator Reconstruction filter The R2R ladder === Digital electronics === Binary decision diagrams Boolean algebra Combinational logic Counters (digital) De Morgan's laws Digital circuit Formal verification Karnaugh maps Logic families Logic gate Logic minimization Logic simulation Logic synthesis Registers Sequential logic State machines Truth tables Transparent latch === Electrical element/discretes === Passive elements: Capacitor Inductor Memristor Resistor Transformer Active elements: Diode Zener diode Light-emitting diode PIN diode Schottky diode Avalanche diode Laser diode Microcontroller Operational amplifier Thyristor DIAC TRIAC IGBT Transistor Bipolar transistor (BJT) Field effect transistor (FET) Darlington transistor Other components Aural devices Battery (electricity) Crystal oscillator Electromechanical devices Sensors Surface acoustic wave (SAW) === Electronics analysis === Electronic packaging Electronic circuit simulation Electronic design automation Electronic noise Mathematical methods in electronics Thermal management of electronic devices and systems === Electronic circuits === Amplifiers Differential amplifiers Feedback amplifiers Power amplifiers Comparators Converters Filters Active filters Passive filters Digital filters Oscillators Phase-locked loops Timers === Electronic equipment === Air conditioner Breathalyzer Central heating Clothes dryer Computer/Notebook Dishwasher Freezer Home robot Home entertainment system Information technologies Cooker Microwave oven Refrigerator Robotic vacuum cleaner Tablet Telephone Water heater Washing machine === Television === Analog television History of television Television show Television broadcaster Timeline of the introduction of television in countries Mechanical television Color television Digital television Digital television transition Smart television Streaming television Internet Protocol television 3D television Terrestrial television ==== Television broadcasting ==== === Electronic instrumentation === Ammeter Capacitance meter Distortionmeter Electric energy meter LCR meter Microwave power meter Multimeter Network analyzer Ohmmeter Oscilloscope Psophometer Q meter Signal analyzer Signal generator Spectrum analyzer Transistor tester Tube tester Wattmeter Vectorscope Video signal generator Voltmeter VU meter === Memory technology === Flash memory Hard drive systems Optical storage Probe Storage Programmable read-only memory Read-only memory Solid-state drive (SSD) Volatile memory === Microcontrollers === Features Analog-to-digital converter Central processing unit (CPU) Clock generator (Quartz timing crystal, resonator or RC circuit) Debugging support Digital-to-analog converters Discrete input and output bits In-circuit programming Non-volatile memory (ROM, EPROM, EEPROM or Flash) Peripherals (Timers, event counters, PWM generators, and watchdog) Serial interface (Input/output such as serial ports (UARTs)) Serial communications (I²C, Serial Peripheral Interface and Controller Area Network) Volatile memory (RAM) 8-bit microcontroller families: AVR - PIC - COP8 - MCS-48 - MCS-51 - Z8 - eZ80 - HC08 - HC11 - H8 - PSoC Some notable suppliers: ARM Atmel Cypress Semiconductor Freescale Intel MIPS Microchip Technology NXP Semiconductors Parallax Propeller PowerPC Rabbit 2000 Renesas RX, V850 Silicon Laboratories STMicroelectronics Texas Instruments Toshiba TLCS === Optoelectronics === Optical fiber Optical properties Optical receivers Optical system design Optical transmitters === Physical laws === Ampère's law Coulomb's law Faraday's law of induction/Faraday-Lenz law Gauss's law Kirchhoff's circuit laws Current law Voltage law Maxwell's equations Gauss's law Faraday's law of induction Ampère's law Ohm's law === Power electronics === Power Devices Gate turn-off thyristor MOS-controlled thyristor (MCT) Power BJT/MOSFET Static induction devices Electric power conversion DC to DC DC to DC converter Voltage stabiliser Linear regulator AC to DC Rectifier Mains power supply unit (PSU) Switched-mode power supply DC to AC Inverter AC to AC Cycloconverter Transformer Variable frequency transformer Voltage converter Voltage regulator Power applications Automotive applications Capacitor charging applications Electronic ballasts Energy harvesting technologies Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) High frequency inverters HVDC transmission Motor controller Photovoltaic system Conversion Power factor correction circuits Power supply Renewable energy sources Switching power converters Uninterruptible power supply Wind power === Programmable devices === Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) Complex programmable logic device (CPLD) Erasable programmable logic device (EPLD) Simple programmable logic device (SPLD) Macrocell array Programmable array logic (PAL) Programmable logic array (PLA) Programmable logic device (PLD) Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) Verilog Hardware Description Language Some notable suppliers: Altera - Atmel - Cypress Semiconductor - Lattice Semiconductor - Xilinx === Semiconductors theory === Properties Bipolar junction transistors Capacitance voltage profiling Charge carrier Charge-transfer complex Deep-level transient spectroscopy Depletion region Density of states Diode modelling Direct band gap Electronic band structure Energy level Exciton Field-effect transistors Metal–semiconductor junction MOSFETs N-type semiconductor Organic semiconductors P–n junction P-type semiconductor Photoelectric effect Quantum tunneling Semiconductor chip Semiconductor detector Solar cell Transistor model Thin film Tight-binding model Device Fabrication Semiconductor device fabrication Semiconductor industry Semiconductor consolidation == Applications == Audio electronics Automotive electronics Avionics Control Systems Consumer electronics Data acquisition E-health Electronic book Electronics industry Electronic warfare Embedded systems Home automation Integrated circuits Marine electronics Microwave technology Military electronics Multimedia Nuclear electronics Open hardware Radar and Radionavigation Radio electronics Terahertz technology Video hardware Wired and Wireless Communications
Digital supply chain security
Digital supply chain security refers to efforts to enhance cyber security within the supply chain. It is a subset of supply chain security and is focused on the management of cyber security requirements for information technology systems, software and networks, which are driven by threats such as cyber-terrorism, malware, data theft and the advanced persistent threat (APT). Typical supply chain cyber security activities for minimizing risks include buying only from trusted vendors, disconnecting critical machines from outside networks, and educating users on the threats and protective measures they can take. The acting deputy undersecretary for the National Protection and Programs Directorate for the United States Department of Homeland Security, Greg Schaffer, stated at a hearing that he is aware that there are instances where malware has been found on imported electronic and computer devices sold within the United States. == Examples of supply chain cyber security threats == Network or computer hardware that is delivered with malware installed on it already. Malware that is inserted into software or hardware (by various means) Vulnerabilities in software applications and networks within the supply chain that are discovered by malicious hackers Counterfeit computer hardware == Related U.S. government efforts == Comprehensive National Cyber Initiative Defense Procurement Regulations: Noted in section 806 of the National Defense Authorization Act International Strategy for Cyberspace: White House lays out for the first time the U.S.’s vision for a secure and open Internet. The strategy outlines three main themes: diplomacy, development and defense. Diplomacy: The strategy sets out to “promote an open, interoperable, secure and reliable information and communication infrastructure” by establishing norms of acceptable state behavior built through consensus among nations. Development: Through this strategy the government seeks to “facilitate cybersecurity capacity-building abroad, bilaterally and through multilateral organizations.” The objective is to protect the global IT infrastructure and to build closer international partnerships to sustain open and secure networks. Defense: The strategy calls out that the government “will ensure that the risks associated with attacking or exploiting our networks vastly outweigh the potential benefits” and calls for all nations to investigate, apprehend and prosecute criminals and non-state actors who intrude and disrupt network systems. == Related government efforts around the world == Common Criteria offers with Evaluation Assurance Level(EAL) 4 an opportunity to evaluate all relevant aspects of the digital supply chain security like the product, the development environment, IT systems security, the processes in human resource, physical security and with the module ALC_FLR.3 (Systematic Flaw Remediation) also security update processes and methods even by physical site visits. EAL 4 is mutually recognized in countries that signed the SOGIS-MRA and up to ELA 2 in countries the signed the CCRA but including ALC_FRL.3. Russia: Russia has had non-disclosed functionality certification requirements for several years and has recently initiated the National Software Platform effort based on open-source software. This reflects the apparent desire for national autonomy, reducing dependence on foreign suppliers. India: Recognition of supply chain risk in its draft National Cybersecurity Strategy. Rather than targeting specific products for exclusion, it is considering Indigenous Innovation policies, giving preferences to domestic ITC suppliers in order to create a robust, globally competitive national presence in the sector. China: Deriving from goals in the 11th Five Year Plan (2006–2010), China introduced and pursued a mix of security-focused and aggressive Indigenous Innovation policies. China is requiring an indigenous innovation product catalog be used for its government procurement and implementing a Multi-level Protection Scheme (MLPS) which requires (among other things) product developers and manufacturers to be Chinese citizens or legal persons, and product core technology and key components must have independent Chinese or indigenous intellectual property rights. == Private sector efforts == SLSA (Supply-chain Levels for Software Artifacts) is an end-to-end framework for ensuring the integrity of software artifacts throughout the software supply chain. The requirements are inspired by Google’s internal "Binary Authorization for Borg" that has been in use for the past 8+ years and that is mandatory for all of Google's production workloads. The goal of SLSA is to improve the state of the industry, particularly open source, to defend against the most pressing integrity threats. With SLSA, consumers can make informed choices about the security posture of the software they consume. == Other references == Financial Sector Information Sharing and Analysis Center International Strategy for Cyberspace (from the White House) NSTIC SafeCode Whitepaper Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine Trusted Technology Forum and the Open Trusted Technology Provider Standard (O-TTPS) Archived 2012-01-03 at the Wayback Machine Cyber Supply Chain Security Solution Malware Implants in Firmware Supply Chain in the Software Era INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT TASK FORCE: INTERIM REPORT
Daylight Computer Co.
Daylight Computer Co. is a Public Benefit Company that designs and manufactures devices that do not emit blue light or flicker. Anjan Katta, the company's founder and CEO, stated that he started the company to reduce his personal eyestrain and the distraction that came with conventional devices. The first device that the company released is the Daylight DC-1, a tablet using a monochrome transflective liquid-crystal display designed for outdoor use, while also being usable indoors with an amber backlight. The company's goal is to create a "healthy computer." == History == In June 2018, Anjan Katta began the process of designing a device that did not emit blue light or flicker. He was inspired by the Kindle stating that he wanted to create a device that was, "an analog object that happens to have digital magical capabilities.” By 2020, he created his first scientific prototype and created the first proof-of-concept prototype in 2021. In the early research and development stages of the device, Katta had spent $300,000 of his own money. Eventually, Katta obtained a $12 million investment from current and former executives of companies such as Oculus, Pinterest, and Dropbox. In 2024, the company held a launch party at the Conservatory of Flowers in Golden Gate Park for the Daylight DC1, the company's first device. The event had roughly 200 attendees. Later that year, Daylight sold out its first run of 5,000 devices. The Daylight DC1 is a 1.2 pound tablet that runs its own operating system, SolOS, based on Android 13. It has a refresh rate of 60 Hz, fast enough to process video. In 2025, the product was demonstrated by Danny Jones on the Joe Rogan Experience. The company has been described by outlets such as Wired and VentureBeat as a "returning computing to hippie ideals" and being a product for "techno-hippies." The company is headquartered in San Francisco, California.