Digital cinema is the digital technology used within the film industry to distribute or project motion pictures as opposed to the historical use of reels of motion picture film, such as 35 mm film. Whereas film reels have to be shipped to movie theaters, a digital movie can be distributed to cinemas in a number of ways: over the Internet or dedicated satellite links, or by sending hard drives or optical discs such as Blu-ray discs, then projected using a digital video projector instead of a film projector. Typically, digital movies are shot using digital movie cameras or in animation transferred from a file and are edited using a non-linear editing system (NLE). The NLE is often a video editing application installed in one or more computers that may be networked to access the original footage from a remote server, share or gain access to computing resources for rendering the final video, and allow several editors to work on the same timeline or project. Alternatively a digital movie could be a film reel that has been digitized using a motion picture film scanner and then restored, or, a digital movie could be recorded using a film recorder onto film stock for projection using a traditional film projector. Digital cinema is distinct from high-definition television and does not necessarily use traditional television or other traditional high-definition video standards, aspect ratios, or frame rates. In digital cinema, resolutions are represented by the horizontal pixel count, usually 2K (2048×1080 or 2.2 megapixels) or 4K (4096×2160 or 8.8 megapixels). The 2K and 4K resolutions used in digital cinema projection are often referred to as DCI 2K and DCI 4K. DCI stands for Digital Cinema Initiatives. As digital cinema technology improved in the early 2010s, most theaters across the world converted to digital video projection. Digital cinema technology has continued to develop over the years with RealD 3D, IMAX, RPX, 4DX, Dolby Cinema, and ScreenX, allowing moviegoers more immersive experiences. == History == The transition from film to digital video was preceded by cinema's transition from analog to digital audio, with the release of the Dolby Digital (AC-3) audio coding standard in 1991. Its main basis is the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT), a lossy audio compression algorithm. It is a modification of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm, which was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972 and was originally intended for image compression. The DCT was adapted into the MDCT by J.P. Princen, A.W. Johnson and Alan B. Bradley at the University of Surrey in 1987, and then Dolby Laboratories adapted the MDCT algorithm along with perceptual coding principles to develop the AC-3 audio format for cinema needs. Cinema in the 1990s typically combined analog photochemical images with digital audio. Digital media playback of high-resolution 2K files has at least a 20-year history. Early video data storage units (RAIDs) fed custom frame buffer systems with large memories. In early digital video units, the content was usually restricted to several minutes of material. Transfer of content between remote locations was slow and had limited capacity. It was not until the late 1990s that feature-length films could be sent over the "wire" (Internet or dedicated fiber links). On October 23, 1998, Digital light processing (DLP) projector technology was publicly demonstrated with the release of The Last Broadcast, the first feature-length movie, shot, edited and distributed digitally. In conjunction with Texas Instruments, the movie was publicly demonstrated in five theaters across the United States (Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Minneapolis, Providence, and Orlando). === Foundations === In the United States, on June 18, 1999, Texas Instruments' DLP Cinema projector technology was publicly demonstrated on two screens in Los Angeles and New York for the release of Lucasfilm's Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. In Europe, on February 2, 2000, Texas Instruments' DLP Cinema projector technology was publicly demonstrated, by Philippe Binant, on one screen in Paris for the release of Toy Story 2. From 1997 to 2000, the JPEG 2000 image compression standard was developed by a Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) committee chaired by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president). In contrast to the original 1992 JPEG standard, which is a DCT-based lossy compression format for static digital images, JPEG 2000 is a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based compression standard that could be adapted for motion imaging video compression with the Motion JPEG 2000 extension. JPEG 2000 technology was later selected as the video coding standard for digital cinema in 2004. In 1992, Hughes-JVC was founded by JVC and Hughes Electronics to develop ILA (Image Light Amplifer) digital video projectors for commercial movie theaters using liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) technology. In 1997, JVC introduced D-ILA (Direct-Drive ILA) technology with a 2K resolution digital video projector. In 2000, JVC introduced a 4K resolution video projector using D-ILA technology. === Initiatives === On January 19, 2000, the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, in the United States, initiated the first standards group dedicated to developing digital cinema. By December 2000, there were 15 digital cinema screens in the United States and Canada, 11 in Western Europe, 4 in Asia, and 1 in South America. Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) was formed in March 2002 as a joint project of many motion picture studios (Disney, Fox, MGM, Paramount, Sony Pictures, Universal and Warner Bros.) to develop a system specification for digital cinema. The same month it was reported that the number of cinemas equipped with digital projectors had increased to about 50 in the US and 30 more in the rest of the world. In April 2004, in collaboration with the American Society of Cinematographers, DCI created standard evaluation material (the ASC/DCI StEM material) for testing of 2K and 4K playback and compression technologies. DCI selected JPEG 2000 as the basis for the compression in the system the same year. Initial tests with JPEG 2000 produced bit rates of around 75–125 Mbit/s for 2K resolution and 100–200 Mbit/s for 4K resolution. === Worldwide deployment === In China, in June 2005, an e-cinema system called "dMs" was established and was used in over 15,000 screens spread across China's 30 provinces. DMs estimated that the system would expand to 40,000 screens in 2009. In 2005, the UK Film Council Digital Screen Network launched in the UK by Arts Alliance Media creating a chain of 250 2K digital cinema systems. The roll-out was completed in 2006. This was the first mass roll-out in Europe. AccessIT/Christie Digital also started a roll-out in the United States and Canada. By mid-2006, about 400 theaters were equipped with 2K digital projectors with the number increasing every month. In August 2006, the Malayalam digital movie Moonnamathoral, produced by Benzy Martin, was distributed via satellite to cinemas, thus becoming the first Indian digital cinema. This was done by Emil and Eric Digital Films, a company based at Thrissur using the end-to-end digital cinema system developed by Singapore-based DG2L Technologies. In January 2007, Guru became the first Indian film mastered in the DCI-compliant JPEG 2000 Interop format and also the first Indian film to be previewed digitally, internationally, at the Elgin Winter Garden in Toronto. This film was digitally mastered at Real Image Media Technologies in India. In 2007, the UK became home to Europe's first DCI-compliant fully digital multiplex cinemas; Odeon Hatfield and Odeon Surrey Quays (in London), with a total of 18 digital screens, were launched on 9 February 2007. By March 2007, with the release of Disney's Meet the Robinsons, about 600 screens had been equipped with digital projectors. In June 2007, Arts Alliance Media announced the first European commercial digital cinema Virtual Print Fee (VPF) agreements (with 20th Century Fox and Universal Pictures). In March 2009, AMC Theatres announced that it closed a $315 million deal with Sony to replace all of its movie projectors with 4K HDR digital projectors starting in the second quarter of 2009; it was anticipated that this replacement would be finished by 2012. As digital cinema technology improved in the early 2010s, most theaters across the world converted to digital video projection. In January 2011, the total number of digital screens worldwide was 36,242, up from 16,339 at end 2009 or a growth rate of 121.8 percent during the year. There were 10,083 d-screens in Europe as a whole (28.2 percent of global figure), 16,522 in the United States and Canada (46.2 percent of global figure) and 7,703 in Asia (21.6 percent of global figure). Worldwide progress was slower as in some territories, particularly Latin America and Africa. As of 31 March 2015, 38,719 screens (out of a total of 3
Variable data publishing
Variable-data publishing (VDP) (also known as database publishing) is a term referring to the output of a variable composition system. While these systems can produce both electronically viewable and hard-copy (print) output, the "variable-data publishing" term today often distinguishes output destined for electronic viewing, rather than that which is destined for hard-copy print (e.g. variable data printing). Essentially the same techniques are employed to perform variable-data publishing, as those utilized with variable data printing. The difference is in the interpretation for output. While variable-data printing may be interpreted to produce various print streams or page-description files (e.g. AFP/IPDS, PostScript, PCL), variable-data publishing produces electronically viewable files, most commonly seen in the forms of PDF, HTML, or XML. Variable-data composition involves the use of data to conditionally: exhibit text (static blocks and/or variable content) exhibit images select fonts select colors format page layouts & flows Variable-data may be as simple as an address block or salutation. However, it can be any or all of the document's textual content—including words, sentences, paragraphs, pages, or the entire document. In other words, it can make up as little or as much of the document as the composer desires. Variable data may also be used to exhibit various images, such as logos, products, or membership photos. Further, variable-data can be used to build rule-based design schemes, including fonts, colors, and page formats. The possibilities are vast. The variable-data tools available today, make it possible to perform variable-data composition at nearly every stage of document production. However, the level of control that can be achieved varies, based upon how far into the document production process a variable-data tool is deployed. For example, if variable-data insertion occurs just prior to output...it's not likely that the text flow or layout can be altered with nearly as much control as would be available at the time of initial document composition. Many organizations will produce multiple forms of output (aka: multi-channel output), for the same document. This ensures that the published content is available to recipients via any form of access method they might require. When multi-channel output is utilized, integrity between those output channels often becomes important. Variable-data publishing may be performed on everything from a personal computer to a mainframe system. However, the speed and practical output volumes which can be achieved are directly affected by the computer power utilized. == Origin of the concept == The term variable-data publishing was likely an offshoot of the term "variable-data printing", first introduced to the printing industry by Frank Romano, Professor Emeritus, School of Print Media, at the College of Imaging Arts and Sciences at Rochester Institute of Technology. However, the concept of merging static document elements and variable document elements predates the term and has seen various implementations ranging from simple desktop 'mail merge', to complex mainframe applications in the financial and banking industry. In the past, the term VDP has been most closely associated with digital printing machines. However, in the past 3 years the application of this technology has spread to web pages, emails, and mobile messaging.
Linguistics Research Center at UT Austin
The Linguistics Research Center (LRC) at the University of Texas is a center for computational linguistics research & development. It was directed by Prof. Winfred Lehmann until his death in 2007, and subsequently by Dr. Jonathan Slocum. Since its founding, virtually all projects at the LRC have involved processing natural language texts with the aid of computers. The principal activities of the Center at present focus on Indo-European languages and comprise historical study, lexicography, and web-based teaching; staff members engage in several independent but often complementary projects in these fields using a variety of software, almost all of it developed in-house. == History == The LRC was founded by Winfred Lehmann in 1961. In the early days, research efforts at the LRC concentrated on machine translation (MT) -- the translation of texts from one human language to another with the aid of computers, very developed nowadays in the field of language industry—funded by the USAF and other sponsors. The LRC concentrated on German English translation, though a copy of the Russian Master Dictionary was deposited at the LRC after the ALPAC report. After a general hiatus ca. 1975-78, new funding led to the development by Jonathan Slocum and others of a new system with the same name (the METAL MT system), but with new sets of tools for linguists and vastly greater success, resulting in the delivery a production prototype then later a full-fledged commercial MT system. MT R&D continued at the LRC, with funding by various sponsors, until well into the 1990s. From its early years to the present, the LRC has mounted a number of smaller projects resulting in the publication of significant works relating to Indo-European languages and/or their common ancestor, Proto-Indo-European. The hallmark of this work has been the use of computers to transcribe texts and prepare them for publication. A prominent example of the LRC using computers to prepare texts for print publication is the book by Winfred P. Lehmann, A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (Leiden: Brill, 1986). The final print-ready version was produced with the aid of a laser printer (exotic new technology, in those days) using, for the various languages included in the entries, approximately 500 special characters—many of them designed at the Center. This was the first major etymological dictionary for Indo-European languages to be produced with the aid of computers. Current LRC projects have concentrated on transcribing early Indo-European texts, developing language lessons based on them, and publishing on the web these and other materials related to the study of Indo-European languages, of their common ancestor Proto-Indo-European, and of historical linguistics more generally. == Alumni == Winfred Lehmann Rolf A. Stachowitz Jonathan Slocum Winfield S. Bennett John White
Leo Breiman
Leo Breiman (January 27, 1928 – July 5, 2005) was an American statistician at the University of California, Berkeley and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences. Breiman's work helped to bridge the gap between statistics and computer science, particularly in the field of machine learning. His most important contributions were his work on classification and regression trees and ensembles of trees fit to bootstrap samples. Bootstrap aggregation was given the name bagging by Breiman. Another of Breiman's ensemble approaches is the random forest.
AI Coding Assistants: Free vs Paid (2026)
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List of C++ software and tools
This is a list of notable software and programming tools for the C++ programming language, including libraries, web frameworks, programming language implementations, compilers, integrated development environments (IDEs), and other related software development utilities. == Compilers and IDEs == AMD Optimizing C/C++ Compiler — proprietary fork of LLVM + Clang for Linux C++Builder — rapid application development (RAD) environment Clang – compiler front end for C, C++, and Objective-C, part of LLVM CLion — C++ IDE by JetBrains Code::Blocks — open-source cross-platform IDE that supports multiple compilers including GCC, Clang and Visual C++ CodeLite — cross-platform IDE for the C/C++ programming languages using the wxWidgets toolkit CodeSynthesis XSD – XML Data Binding compiler Dev-C++ — MinGW or TDM-GCC 64bit port of the GCC as its compiler GCC – GNU Compiler Collection Intel C++ Compiler – proprietary high-performance compiler by Intel KDevelop — IDE part of the KDE project and is based on KDE Frameworks and Qt, the C/C++ backend uses Clang. Microsoft Visual C++ – proprietary C++ compiler and IDE for Windows Oracle Developer Studio — Solaris, OpenSolaris, RHEL, and Oracle Linux operating systems. Qt Creator — part of the SDK for the Qt GUI application development framework and uses the Qt API SlickEdit — text editor and IDE Turbo C++ – legacy C++ IDE and compiler popular in the 1990s Understand — IDE that enables static code analysis through an array of visuals, documentation, and metric tools. Visual Studio — integrated development environment by Microsoft that supports C++ Visual Studio Code — integrated development environment by Microsoft that supports C++ Xcode — Apple IDE to develop macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, and visionOS that supports C++ source code. == Debuggers == Allinea DDT – a graphical debugger dbx — a proprietary source-level debugger GNU Debugger – portable debugger that runs on many Unix-like systems Modular Debugger — a C/C++ source level debugger for Solaris and derivates Undo LiveRecorder — time travel debugger == Libraries == Active Template Library – template-based C++ classes developed by Microsoft Apache MXNet — deep learning framework Apache Xerces – parsing, validating, and serializing and manipulating XML. Asio — networking and low-level I/O library Bitpit — scientific computing and mesh manipulation library Boost — collection of peer-reviewed libraries Botan — cryptography library C++ AMP – easy way to write programs that compile and execute on data-parallel hardware, such as graphics cards and GPUs C++ Standard Library — standard library for the language C++/WinRT — library for Microsoft's Windows Runtime platform, designed to provide access to modern Windows APIs. C3D Toolkit — geometric modeling kernel Caffe — deep learning framework CAPD — library for rigorous numerics and dynamical systems Cassowary — constraint-solving toolkit that efficiently solves systems of linear equalities and inequalities Cinder — library for creative coding ClanLib — cross-platform game SDK CMU Sphinx — speech recognition system Crypto++ — cryptographic algorithms library Dlib — general-purpose cross-platform library Dune — partial differential equations using grid-based methods fastText — text representation and text classification library FLTK — GUI toolkit Geospatial Data Abstraction Library — geospatial data access library GDCM — image library General Polygon Clipper — polygon clipping library GiNaC — computer algebra system that uses Class Library for Numbers for implementing arbitrary-precision arithmetic GLFW — OpenGL and window management library HarfBuzz — text rendering and typesetting library High Efficiency Image File Format — digital container format for storing individual digital images and image sequences ITK — image analysis library Integrated Performance Primitives — domain-specific functions that are highly optimized for diverse Intel architectures Jackets library — GPU computing library JSBSim — open-source flight dynamics model JUCE — framework for audio applications KDE Frameworks — collection of libraries from the KDE project KFRlib — digital signal processing framework LEMON — library for optimization and graph problems LevelDB — key–value database library Libdash — MPEG-DASH streaming library libLAS — reading and writing geospatial data encoded in the ASPRS laser (LAS) file format libsigc++ — typesafe callbacks LibRaw — free and open-source software library for reading raw files from digital cameras libSBML — application programming interface (API) for the SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language) LIBSVM — sequential minimal optimization (SMO) algorithm for kernelized support vector machines Libx — DirectX .X files graphics library Loki — collection of design patterns LIVE555 — multimedia streaming library Metakit — embedded database library Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit — deep learning toolkit Microsoft Foundation Class Library — object-oriented library for developing desktop applications for Windows Microsoft SEAL — homomorphic encryption library mlpack — machine learning and AI library Mobile Robot Programming Toolkit — robotics research library Object Windows Library — Object Windows Library, superseded by VCL Open Cascade — CAD and 3D modeling library Open Asset Import Library — 3D model import library to provide a common API for different 3D asset file formats OpenCV – computer vision and machine learning library OpenFOAM — computational fluid dynamics toolkit OpenH264 — real-time encoding and decoding video streams in the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC format OpenImageIO — image processing library Open Inventor — higher layer of programming for OpenGL OpenNN — neural networks library OpenVDB — sparse volume data library openFrameworks — creative coding toolkit OpenRTM-aist — robotics middleware library Oracle Template Library — database access that supports IBM Db2 and Open Database Connectivity Orfeo toolbox — remote sensing image processing library OR-Tools — operations research and optimization library Parallel Augmented Maps — ordered sets, ordered maps, and augmented maps. Parallel Patterns Library — Microsoft library that provides features for multicore programming PhysX — physics simulation engine POCO C++ Libraries — general-purpose libraries for software development Poppler — PDF rendering library Protocol Buffers — data serialization library Qt — cross-platform widget toolkit QuantLib — quantitative finance library RocksDB — key–value database library ROOT — data analysis framework from CERN ROS — robotics middleware Scintilla — source code editing component SDL – Simple DirectMedia Layer, cross-platform development library for multimedia applications SFML – Simple and Fast Multimedia Library Shark – open-source machine learning library Shogun — machine learning toolbox Skia — 2D graphics library Snappy — compression library Sound Object Library — music and audio development Standard Template Library — library of containers and algorithms Stapl — parallel computing library SymbolicC++ — symbolic computation library TerraLib — GIS library Tesseract OCR — optical character recognition engine Threading Building Blocks — parallel computing library ThreadWeaver — concurrency framework Tiny-dnn — lightweight deep learning library TinyXML — lightweight XML parser Tkrzw — key–value databases VTD-XML — XML processing library wxWidgets — cross-platform GUI toolkit x265 — video encoding library for HEVC XGBoost — gradient boosting library Windows Template Library — Win32 development === Mathematical and numerical libraries === == Tools == Akonadi — a C++/Qt framework and storage service for personal information management BALL – framework and set of algorithms and data structures for molecular modelling and computational structural bioinformatics Boehm garbage collector – conservative garbage collector CEGUI — C++ GUI library ClanLib – video game SDK CMake — cross-platform build system for C++ projects Confidential Consortium Framework – blockchain infrastructure framework DaviX – WebDAV client Doxygen — documentation generator for C++ and other languages FLTK — Fast Light Toolkit, cross-platform GUI library Fox toolkit — C++ GUI toolkit GDB — GNU Project debugger, often used with C and C++ gtkmm — official C++ interface for the popular GUI library GTK HOOPS Visualize — 3D computer graphics HPX — partitioned global address space Parallel programming Runtime System JUCE — cross-platform C++ audio and GUI framework LessTif — free clone of Motif GUI toolkit MFC — Microsoft Foundation Class library Nana — modern C++ GUI toolkit PTK Toolkit — 2D rendering engine and SDK, and portability options. Qt — cross-platform C++ GUI toolkit Rogue Wave — C++ GUI toolkit TnFOX — C++ GUI toolkit Ultimate++ — cross-platform C++ GUI framework Valgrind — tool suite for debugging and profiling C/C++ programs wxWidgets — cross-platform C++ GUI toolkit x265 — encoder for creating digital video streams in the High Efficiency Vid
Marti Hearst
Marti Alice Hearst is a professor in the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley. She did early work in corpus-based computational linguistics, including some of the first work in automating sentiment analysis, and word sense disambiguation. She invented an algorithm that became known as "Hearst patterns" which applies lexico-syntactic patterns to recognize hyponymy (ISA) relations with high accuracy in large text collections, including an early application of it to WordNet; this algorithm is widely used in commercial text mining applications including ontology learning. Hearst also developed early work in automatic segmentation of text into topical discourse boundaries, inventing a now well-known approach called TextTiling. Hearst's research is on user interfaces for search engine technology and big data analytics. She did early work in user interfaces and information visualization for search user interfaces, inventing the TileBars query term visualization. Her Flamenco research project investigated and developed the now widely used faceted navigation approach for searching and browsing web sites and information collections. She wrote the first academic book on the topic of Search User Interfaces (Cambridge University Press, 2009). Hearst is an Edge Foundation contributing author and a member of the Usage panel of the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Hearst received her B.A., M.S., and Ph.D. in computer science, all from Berkeley. In 2013 she became a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. She became a member of the CHI Academy in 2017, and has previously served as president of the Association for Computational Linguistics and on the advisory council of NSF's CISE Directorate. Additionally, she has been a member of the Web Board for CACM, the Usage Panel for the American Heritage Dictionary, the Edge.org panel of experts, the research staff at Xerox PARC, and the boards of ACM Transactions on the Web, Computational Linguistics, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, and IEEE Intelligent Systems. Hearst has received an NSF CAREER award, an IBM Faculty Award, and an Okawa Foundation Fellowship. Her work on user interfaces has had a profound impact on the industry, earning Hearst two Google Research Awards and four Excellence in Teaching Awards.} She has also led projects worth over $3.5M in research grants. Hearst’s publications date back to 1990, when ‘A Hybrid Approach to Restricted Text Interpretation’ was published in Stanford University’s AAAI Spring Symposium on Text Based Intelligent Systems in March of that year.