Social media as a public utility is a theory postulating that social networking sites (such as Meta - ie:Facebook & Instagram or Alphabet - ie: YouTube & Google, but also independent sites such as Twitter, Tumblr, Snapchat etc.) are essential public services that should be regulated by the government, in a manner similar to how electric and phone utilities are typically government regulated. It is based on the notion that social media platforms have monopoly power and broad social influence. == Background == === Definitions === Social media is defined as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of User Generated Content." Furthermore, the New Zealand Government of Internal Affairs describes it as "a set of online technologies, sites, and practices which are used to share opinions, experiences and perspectives. Fundamentally it is about the conversation. In contrast with traditional media, the nature of social media is to be highly interactive." Moreover, the term social media is described as online tools that let people interact and communicate with each other. This has become a standard word for online cultural exchange and a dominant way for individuals to engage on the internet. By using social media individuals become more closely and strongly connected than ever before. The traditional definition of the term public utility is "an infrastructural necessity for the general public where the supply conditions are such that the public may not be provided with a reasonable service at reasonable prices because of monopoly in the area." Conventional public utilities include water, natural gas, and electricity. In order to secure the interests of the public, utilities are regulated. Public utilities can also be seen as natural monopolies implying that the highest degree of efficiency is accomplished under one operator in the marketplace. Public utility regulation for social media has been largely criticized because people believe it would produce undesirable and indirect effects. However, others say that truly effective government regulation would produce valuable results. Social media as a public utility is a crucial debate because utilities get regulated, so marking social media websites as utilities would require government regulation of various social media websites and platforms such as Facebook, Google, and Twitter. Applying the term public utility to social media implies that social media websites are public necessities, and, consequently, should be regulated by the government. While social media are not as essential for survival as traditional public utilities such as electricity, water, and natural gas, many people believe it has become vital for living in an interconnected world and without it, living a successful life would be difficult. Therefore, many people believe that social media has reached utility status and should be treated as a public utility. However, others believe that this is not true because social media are constantly revolutionizing and giving such platforms "utility status" would result in government regulation, which would consequently hinder innovation. Over the past decade many have debated and questioned whether or not "Internet service providers should be considered essential facilities or natural monopolies and regulated as public utilities." === Monopoly === A monopoly is defined as "a firm that is the only seller of a product or service having no close substitutes." A natural monopoly is when the entire demand within a relevant market can be satisfied at lowest cost by one firm rather than by two or more, and if such a market contains more than one firm then the firms will "quickly shake down to one through mergers or failures, or production will continue to consume more resources than necessary." In a monopoly competition is said to be short-lived, and in a natural monopoly it is said to produce inefficient results." Public utility companies can be regulated to prevent them from gaining monopolistic control. In November 2011 AT&T's proposal for merging with T-Mobile was rejected because it would have "diminished competition," and have led to the company having monopolistic power within the telephone industry. Such regulation is permitted because the telephone industry is a public utility. Similarly, Microsoft has also been prevented from taking various business actions that could result in the company gaining monopolistic power. If social media were a public utility then regulation of Google and Facebook would similarly dictate what they could and could not do. The possibility was raised in 2018 by U.S. Representative Steve King during a House Judiciary hearing on social media filtering practices. == Arguments == Advocates of this theory believe that social media websites already act like public utilities, and therefore regulation is needed. Additionally, advocates say that in the 21st century, using such websites are as necessary for communication as using traditional public utilities such as telephone, water, electricity, and natural gas are for other everyday uses. Specifically, advocates note that Google search should be treated as a public utility and needs to be regulated because it dominates the search engine market and no website can afford to ignore it. There is the position that a social media website such as Google "is a common carrier and should be regulated as such (Newman 2011)." These are reinforced by a perception that social media companies fail to properly maintain fair platforms for discourse. === Individual level === Advocates of regulating social media as a public utility believe that having an Internet presence using social media websites is imperative for individuals to adequately take part in the 21st century. Consequently, they argue that these sites are public utilities that need to be regulated to ensure that the constitutional rights of users are protected. For example, regulation may be needed to protect freedom of speech against risks such as Internet censorship and deplatforming. Social media affects people's behavior. For instance, it plays an important role in shaping its users' decisions and actions pertaining to health. This is demonstrated in a Pew Research Center research, which showed that 72 percent of American adults turned to social media for health information in 2011. Around 70 percent of people with chronic illnesses also use the platform to find cure, diagnoses, and other health answers. This development becomes a public issue as social media are likely to provide wrong medical information. Additionally, social media sites can also facilitate deleterious health behavior such as smoking, drug use, and harmful sexual behavior. === Business level === Advocates of social media as a public utility maintain that social media services dominate the Internet and are mainly owned by three or four companies that have unparalleled power to shape user interaction, and because of this power such businesses need to be regulated as public utilities. Zeynep Tufekci, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, claims that services on the Internet such as Google, eBay, Facebook, Amazon.com, are all natural monopolies. She has stated that these services "benefit greatly from network externalities[,] which means that the more people on the service, the more useful it is for everyone," and thus it is difficult to replace the market leader. === Government level === Advocates of social media as a public utility believe that the government should impose restrictions on social media websites, such as Google, that are designed to benefit its rivals. Due to the recent substantial growth of social media websites such as Google, advocates claim that such a website "might need search neutrality regulation modeled after net neutrality regulation and that a Federal Search Commission might be needed to enforce such a regime." danah boyd expresses a future issue which the government may have to deal with in her research: Facebook is becoming an international social media website, specifically prevalent in Canada and Europe which are "two regions that love to regulate their utilities." Furthermore, recent books by New America Foundation Senior Fellow Rebecca MacKinnon and law professor Lori Andrews advise society to start considering Facebook and Google as nation-states or the "sovereigns of cyberspace." Overall, advocates of social media as a public utility believe that due to the immense popularity and necessity of social media websites, it is imperative that the Government imposes regulations in the same manner they do for electricity, water, and natural gas. == Counterarguments == Opponents of this theory say that social media websites should not be treated as public utilities because these platforms are changing every year, and because they are not essential services for s
BeHafizh
BeHafizh is a mobile application to assist in the effort to memorize Qur'anic verses. The software runs on the Android operating system. This application was made by a team from Gadjah Mada University (UGM) consisting of Farid Amin Ridwanto, Rian Adam Rajagede and Alfian Try Putranto in order to participate in the National Student Musabaqoh Tilawatil Quran (MTQ) held at University of Indonesia (UI) on 1- August 8, 2015. This application then won a gold medal in the branch of Computer Application Design in the competition. == Features == === Audio Player === Audio player, paragraph can be played repeatedly, with pause, and can be done on a certain range of Quranic verses. === Memorization Test === Memorization testing continues users to improve their memorization. Memorization Recorders improves user's ability to recite Quran. === Colour indicators === === Achievements === === Reminders ===
Focus recovery based on the linear canonical transform
For digital image processing, the Focus recovery from a defocused image is an ill-posed problem since it loses the component of high frequency. Most of the methods for focus recovery are based on depth estimation theory. The Linear canonical transform (LCT) gives a scalable kernel to fit many well-known optical effects. Using LCTs to approximate an optical system for imaging and inverting this system, theoretically permits recovery of a defocused image. == Depth of field and perceptual focus == In photography, depth of field (DOF) means an effective focal length. It is usually used for stressing an object and deemphasizing the background (and/or the foreground). The important measure related to DOF is the lens aperture. Decreasing the diameter of aperture increases focus and lowers resolution and vice versa. == The Huygens–Fresnel principle and DOF == The Huygens–Fresnel principle describes diffraction of wave propagation between two fields. It belongs to Fourier optics rather than geometric optics. The disturbance of diffraction depends on two circumstance parameters, the size of aperture and the interfiled distance. Consider a source field and a destination field, field 1 and field 0, respectively. P1(x1,y1) is the position in the source field, P0(x0,y0) is the position in the destination field. The Huygens–Fresnel principle gives the diffraction formula for two fields U(x0,y0), U(x1,y1) as following: U ( x 0 , y 0 ) = 1 j λ ∫ ∫ U ( x 1 , y 1 ) e j k r 01 r 01 cos θ d x 1 d y 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {U} (x_{0},y_{0})={\frac {1}{j\lambda }}\int \!\int \mathbf {U} (x_{1},y_{1}){\frac {e^{jkr_{01}}}{r_{01}}}\cos \theta dx_{1}dy_{1}} where θ denotes the angle between r 01 {\displaystyle r_{01}} and z {\displaystyle z} . Replace cos θ by r 01 z {\displaystyle {\frac {r_{01}}{z}}} and r 01 {\displaystyle r_{01}} by [ ( x 0 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 0 − y 1 ) 2 + z 2 ] 1 / 2 {\displaystyle [(x_{0}-x_{1})^{2}+(y_{0}-y_{1})^{2}+z^{2}]^{1/2}} we get U ( x 0 , y 0 ) = 1 j λ z ∫ ∫ U ( x 1 , y 1 ) exp ( j k z [ 1 + ( x 0 − x 1 z ) 2 + ( y 0 − y 1 z ) 2 ] 1 / 2 ) 1 + ( x 0 − x 1 z ) 2 + ( y 0 − y 1 z ) 2 d x 1 d y 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {U} (x_{0},y_{0})={\frac {1}{j\lambda z}}\int \!\int \mathbf {U} (x_{1},y_{1}){\frac {\exp(jkz[1+({\frac {x_{0}-x_{1}}{z}})^{2}+({\frac {y_{0}-y_{1}}{z}})^{2}]^{1/2})}{1+({\frac {x_{0}-x_{1}}{z}})^{2}+({\frac {y_{0}-y_{1}}{z}})^{2}}}dx_{1}dy_{1}} The further distance z or the smaller aperture (x1,y1) causes a greater diffraction. A larger DOF can lead to a more effective focused wave distribution. This seems to be a conflict. Here are the notations: Diffraction In a real imaging environment, the depths of objects comparing to the aperture are usually not enough to lead to serious diffraction. However, a long enough depth of the object can truly blurs the image. Effective Focus Small aperture, small blurring radius, few wave information. Loses details in comparing to a large aperture. In conclusion, diffraction explains a micro behavior whereas DOF shows a macro behavior. Both of them are related to aperture size. == Linear canonical transform == As the meaning of "canonical", the linear canonical transform (LCT) is a scalable transform that connects to many important kernels such as the Fresnel transform, Fraunhofer transform and the fractional Fourier transform. It can be easily controlled by its four parameters, a, b, c, d (3 degrees of freedom). The definition: L M ( f ( u ) ) = ∫ L M ( u , u ′ ) f ( u ′ ) d u ′ {\displaystyle L_{M}(f(u))=\int L_{M}(u,u')f(u')du'} where L M ( u , u ′ ) = { 1 b e − j π / 4 e [ j π ( d b u 2 ) − 2 1 b u u ′ + a b u ′ 2 ] , if b ≠ 0 d e j 2 c d u 2 δ ( u ′ − d u ) , if b = 0 {\displaystyle L_{M}(u,u')={\begin{cases}{\sqrt {\frac {1}{b}}}e^{-j\pi /4}e^{[j\pi ({\frac {d}{b}}u^{2})-2{\frac {1}{b}}uu'+{\frac {a}{b}}u'^{2}]},&{\mbox{if }}b\neq 0\\{\sqrt {d}}e^{{\frac {j}{2}}cdu^{2}}\delta (u'-du),&{\mbox{if }}b=0\end{cases}}} Consider a general imaging system with object distance z0, focal length of the thin lens f and an imaging distance z1. The effect of the propagation in freespace acts as nearly a chirp convolution, that is, the formula of diffraction. Besides, the effect of the propagation in thin lens acts as a chirp multiplication. The parameters are all simplified as paraxial approximations while meeting the freespace propagation. It does not consider aperture size. From the properties of the LCT, it is possible to obtain those 4 parameters for this optical system as: [ 1 − z 1 f λ z 0 − λ z 0 z 1 f + λ z 1 − 1 λ f 1 − z 0 f ] {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1-{\frac {z_{1}}{f}}\quad &\lambda z_{0}-{\frac {\lambda z_{0}z_{1}}{f}}+\lambda z_{1}\\-{\frac {1}{\lambda f}}\quad &1-{\frac {z_{0}}{f}}\end{bmatrix}}} Once the values of z1, z0 and f are known, the LCT can simulate any optical system.
Mobile DevOps
Mobile DevOps is a set of practices that applies the principles of DevOps specifically to the development of mobile applications. Traditional DevOps focuses on streamlining the software development process in general, but mobile development has its own unique challenges that require a tailored approach. Mobile DevOps is not simply as a branch of DevOps specific to mobile app development, instead an extension and reinterpretation of the DevOps philosophy due to very specific requirements of the mobile world. == Rationale == Traditional DevOps approach has been formed around 2007-2008, close to the dates when iOS and Android mobile operating systems were released to the public. The traditional DevOps approach primarily evolved to meet the changing needs of the software development world with the paradigm shift towards continuous and rapid development and deployment (such as in web development, where interpreted languages are more prevalent than compiled languages). While traditional DevOps embraced agility and flexibility, mobile operating system providers steered towards a walled-garden approach with compiled apps with tight controls over how they can be distributed and installed on a mobile device. This difference in the mobile development mindset compared to what the traditional DevOps approach is advocating, is augmented further with the mobile applications to be deployed on a high number of varying devices and operating systems. Eventually, the concept of Mobile DevOps took off as a trend around 2014-2015, in line with the fast growth of the number of applications in mobile app stores. As individuals and corporations alike are developing and publishing more and more mobile applications, the need for efficiency and shorter release cycles increased, which is addressed by the continuous feedback and continuous development approach within the concept of DevOps, while requiring a significant level of adaptation and extension of the traditional DevOps practices. == Mindset shift from traditional DevOps to mobile DevOps == Mobile DevOps has a unique set of challenges and constraints, which solidifies the fact that it needs to be approached as a separate discipline. These challenges can be outlined as follows: Platform-specific requirements and tight controls of mobile operating system providers, where for instance a macOS device is mandatory for iOS application development and release. The walled-garden approach of distributing mobile apps, specifically applying to iOS applications, which comes with app review and app release delays that would not be needed in web development, for instance. Code signing requirements that come with the walled-garden approach, which introduce additional processes in the mobile application build pipeline along with new security concerns. An entire deployment cycle is re-run even in the slightest code change due to how applications are compiled and delivered to the users. The final product is to be deployed to a wide variety of mobile devices worldwide, which requires extensive testing and user feedback. Monitoring mobile applications require additional tools and approaches to be able to get data from an application running on a mobile device while respecting user privacy. Frequent operating system updates by mobile platforms can require rapid adaptation of apps, introducing further complexity to the development and maintenance cycles. == Benefits of mobile DevOps == Mobile DevOps is not an abstract concept and offers a range of benefits that can help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the mobile app development process. These benefits can even be quantified by collecting the data within the mobile application development lifecycle. The benefits can be categorized into the following areas: Faster Release Cycles: By automating tasks and streamlining the development process, mobile DevOps enables teams to deliver new features and updates more frequently. Improved Quality: Automated testing and continuous monitoring help to identify and fix bugs earlier in the development cycle, leading to higher quality apps. Optimized Resource Utilization: Mobile DevOps promotes optimized resource utilization by automating tasks and streamlining workflows. Furthermore, mobile DevOps practices like containerization can help to create more efficient and scalable development environments. Increased Agility: Mobile DevOps allows teams to be more responsive to changes in the market and user feedback. == List of Dedicated Mobile DevOps Platforms == Even though it is possible to run a mobile DevOps cycle with most of the CI/CD platforms, they may require significant effort compared to non-mobile CI/CD (e.g. you need to bring your own infrastructure or it may require "reinventing the wheel" for commonly used platforms like Jenkins). To overcome the mobile-specific challenges specified, there are certain platforms that are dedicated to the lifecycle of mobile applications. These platforms exclusively focus on DevOps processes for mobile app development and are also referred as mobile CI/CD platforms. Appcircle (Multiplatform | Cloud-based & On-premise) Visual Studio App Center (Multiplatform | Cloud-based) Xcode Cloud (Apple platforms only | Cloud-based)
Limnu
Limnu was an online whiteboarding app founded in 2015 by David DeBry and David Hart. It allowed users to draw on virtual whiteboards and invite others by e-mail or by sharing a link. Invitees see any changes to the board in real time and, if allowed by the owner of the board, can also draw on the board. The service was accessible through a web application in desktop and mobile web browsers, as well as through an iOS application. It was headquartered in San Mateo, California. == History == In 2018, ZipSocket, a maker of online meeting software acquired Limnu. == Staff Directory == Andrew Kunz - CEO & Founder of ZipSocket Jenny Rice - Product Manager Max Requenes - Software Engineer Henry Maguire - Machine Learning Engineer
Virtual assistant
A virtual assistant (VA) is a software agent that can perform a range of tasks or services for a user based on user input, such as commands or questions, including verbal ones. Such technologies often incorporate chatbot capabilities to streamline task execution. The interaction may be via text, graphical interface, or voice, as some virtual assistants are able to interpret human speech and respond via synthesized voices. In many cases, users can ask their virtual assistants questions, control home automation devices and media playback, and manage other basic tasks such as email, to-do lists, and calendars – all with verbal commands. In recent years, prominent virtual assistants for direct consumer use have included Apple Siri, Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant (Gemini), Microsoft Copilot and Samsung Bixby. Also, companies in various industries often incorporate some kind of virtual assistant technology into their customer service or support. Into the 2020s, the emergence of artificial intelligence based chatbots, such as ChatGPT, has brought increased capability and interest to the field of virtual assistant products and services. == History == === Experimental decades: 1910s–1980s === Radio Rex was the first voice-activated toy, patented in 1916 and released in 1922. It was a wooden toy in the shape of a dog that would come out of its house when its name is called. In 1952, Bell Labs presented "Audrey", the Automatic Digit Recognition machine. It occupied a six-foot-high relay rack, consumed substantial power, had streams of cables and exhibited the myriad maintenance problems associated with complex vacuum-tube circuitry. It could recognize the fundamental units of speech, phonemes. It was limited to the accurate recognition of digits spoken by designated talkers. It could therefore be used for voice dialing, but in most cases, push-button dialing was cheaper and faster, rather than speaking the consecutive digits. Another early tool which was enabled to perform digital speech recognition was the IBM Shoebox voice-activated calculator, presented to the general public during the 1962 Seattle World's Fair after its initial market launch in 1961. This early computer, developed almost 20 years before the introduction of the first IBM Personal Computer in 1981, was able to recognize 16 spoken words and the digits 0 to 9. The first natural language processing computer program or the chatbot ELIZA was developed by MIT professor Joseph Weizenbaum in the 1960s. It was created to "demonstrate that the communication between man and machine was superficial". ELIZA used pattern matching and substitution methodology into scripted responses to simulate conversation, which gave an illusion of understanding on the part of the program. Weizenbaum's own secretary reportedly asked Weizenbaum to leave the room so that she and ELIZA could have a real conversation. Weizenbaum was surprised by this, later writing: "I had not realized ... that extremely short exposures to a relatively simple computer program could induce powerful delusional thinking in quite normal people. This gave name to the ELIZA effect, the tendency to unconsciously assume computer behaviors are analogous to human behaviors; that is, anthropomorphisation, a phenomenon present in human interactions with virtual assistants. The next milestone in the development of voice recognition technology was achieved in the 1970s at the Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with substantial support of the United States Department of Defense and its DARPA agency, funded five years of a Speech Understanding Research program, aiming to reach a minimum vocabulary of 1,000 words. Companies and academia including IBM, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and Stanford Research Institute took part in the program. The result was "Harpy", it mastered about 1000 words, the vocabulary of a three-year-old and it could understand sentences. It could process speech that followed pre-programmed vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar structures to determine which sequences of words made sense together, and thus reducing speech recognition errors. In 1986, Tangora was an upgrade of the Shoebox, it was a voice recognizing typewriter. Named after the world's fastest typist at the time, it had a vocabulary of 20,000 words and used prediction to decide the most likely result based on what was said in the past. IBM's approach was based on a hidden Markov model, which adds statistics to digital signal processing techniques. The method makes it possible to predict the most likely phonemes to follow a given phoneme. Still each speaker had to individually train the typewriter to recognize their voice, and pause between each word. In 1983, Gus Searcy invented the "Butler in a Box", an electronic voice home controller system. === Birth of smart virtual assistants: 1990s–2010s === In the 1990s, digital speech recognition technology became a feature of the personal computer with IBM, Philips and Lernout & Hauspie fighting for customers. Much later the market launch of the first smartphone IBM Simon in 1994 laid the foundation for smart virtual assistants as we know them today. In 1997, Dragon's NaturallySpeaking software could recognize and transcribe natural human speech without pauses between each word into a document at a rate of 100 words per minute. A version of Naturally Speaking is still available for download and it is still used today, for instance, by many doctors in the US and the UK to document their medical records. In 2001 Colloquis publicly launched SmarterChild, on platforms like AIM and MSN Messenger. While entirely text-based SmarterChild was able to play games, check the weather, look up facts, and converse with users to an extent. The first modern digital virtual assistant installed on a smartphone was Siri, which was introduced as a feature of the iPhone 4S on 4 October 2011. Apple Inc. developed Siri following the 2010 acquisition of Siri Inc., a spin-off of SRI International, which is a research institute financed by DARPA and the United States Department of Defense. Its aim was to aid in tasks such as sending a text message, making phone calls, checking the weather or setting up an alarm. Over time, it has developed to provide restaurant recommendations, search the internet, and provide driving directions. In November 2014, Amazon announced Alexa alongside the Echo. In 2016, Salesforce debuted Einstein, developed from a set of technologies underlying the Salesforce platform. Einstein was replaced by Agentforce, an agentic AI, in September 2024. In April 2017 Amazon released a service for building conversational interfaces for any type of virtual assistant or interface. === Large Language Models: 2020s-present === In the 2020s, artificial intelligence (AI) systems like ChatGPT have gained popularity for their ability to generate human-like responses to text-based conversations. In February 2020, Microsoft introduced its Turing Natural Language Generation (T-NLG), which was then the "largest language model ever published at 17 billion parameters." On November 30, 2022, ChatGPT was launched as a prototype and quickly garnered attention for its detailed responses and articulate answers across many domains of knowledge. The advent of ChatGPT and its introduction to the wider public increased interest and competition in the space. In February 2023, Google began introducing an experimental service called "Bard" which is based on its LaMDA program to generate text responses to questions asked based on information gathered from the web. While ChatGPT and other generalized chatbots based on the latest generative AI are capable of performing various tasks associated with virtual assistants, there are also more specialized forms of such technology that are designed to target more specific situations or needs. == Method of interaction == Virtual assistants work via: Text, including: online chat (especially in an instant messaging application or other application ), SMS text, e-mail or other text-based communication channel, for example Conversica's intelligent virtual assistants for business. Voice: for example with Amazon Alexa on Amazon Echo devices, Siri on an iPhone, Google Assistant on Google-enabled Android devices, or Bixby on Samsung devices. Images: some assistants, such as Google Assistant (which includes Google Lens) and Bixby on the Samsung Galaxy series, have the added capability of performing image processing to recognize objects in images. Many virtual assistants are accessible via multiple methods, offering versatility in how users can interact with them, whether through chat, voice commands, or other integrated technologies. Virtual assistants use natural language processing (NLP) to match user text or voice input to executable commands. Some continually learn using artificial intelligence techniques including machine learning and ambient intelligence. To activate a virtual assistant u
Galaksija BASIC
Galaksija BASIC was the BASIC interpreter of the Galaksija build-it-yourself home computer from Yugoslavia. While being partially based on code taken from TRS-80 Level 1 BASIC, which the creator believed to have been a Microsoft BASIC, the extensive modifications of Galaksija BASIC—such as to include rudimentary array support, video generation code (as the CPU itself did it in absence of dedicated video circuitry) and generally improvements to the programming language—is said to have left not much more than flow-control and floating point code remaining from the original. The core implementation of the interpreter was fully contained in the 4 KiB ROM "A" or "1". The computer's original mainboard had a reserved slot for an extension ROM "B" or "2" that added more commands and features such as a built-in Zilog Z80 assembler. == ROM "A"/"1" symbols and keywords == The core implementation, in ROM "A" or "1", contained 3 special symbols and 32 keywords: ! begins a comment (equivalent of standard BASIC REM command) # Equivalent of standard BASIC DATA statement & prefix for hex numbers ARR$(n) Allocates an array of strings, like DIM, but can allocate only array with name A$ BYTE serves as PEEK when used as a function (e.g. PRINT BYTE(11123)) and POKE when used as a command (e.g. BYTE 11123,123). CALL n Calls BASIC subroutine as GOSUB in most other BASICs (e.g. CALL 100+4X) CHR$(n) converts an ASCII numeric code into a corresponding character (string) DOT x, y draws (command) or inspects (function) a pixel at given coordinates (0<=x<=63, 0<=y<=47). DOT displays the clock or time controlled by content of Y$ variable. Not in standard ROM EDIT n causes specified program line to be edited ELSE standard part of IF-ELSE construct (Galaksija did not use THEN) EQ compare alphanumeric values X$ and Y$ FOR standard FOR loop GOTO standard GOTO command HOME equivalent of standard BASIC CLS command - clears the screen HOME n protects n characters from the top of the screen from being scrolled away IF standard part of IF-ELSE construct (Galaksija did not use THEN) INPUT user entry of variable INT(n) a function that returns the greatest integer value equal to or lesser than n KEY(n) test whether a particular keyboard key is pressed LIST lists the program. Optional numeric argument specifies the first line number to begin listing with. MEM returns memory consumption data (need details here) NEW clears the current BASIC program NEW n clears BASIC program and moves beginning of BASIC area NEXT standard terminator of FOR loop OLD loads a program from tape OLD n loads program to different address PTR Returns address of the variable PRINT Printing numeric or string expression. RETURN Return from BASIC subroutine RND function (takes no arguments) that returns a random number between 0 and 1. RUN runs (executes) BASIC program. Optional numeric argument specifies the line number to begin execution with. SAVE saves a program to tape. Optional two arguments specify memory range to be saved (need details here). STEP standard part of FOR loop STOP stops execution of BASIC program TAKE replacement for READ and RESTORE. If the parameter is variable name, acts as READ, if it is number, acts as RESTORE UNDOT x, y "undraws" (resets) at specified coordinates (see DOT) UNDOT Stops the clock, not part of ROM USR Calls machine code subroutine WORD Double byte PEEK and POKE == ROM "B"/"2" additional symbols and keywords == The extended BASIC features, in ROM "B" or "2", contained one extra reserved symbol and 22 extra keywords: % /LABEL ABS(x) ARCTG(x) COS(x) COSD(x) DEL DUMP EXP(x) INP(x) LDUMP LLIST LN(x) LPRINT OUT PI POW(x,y) REN SIN(x), SIND(x) SQR(x) TG(x) TGD(x)